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In cases with ocular localization of the parasites, surgical removal is the treatment of choice. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Comment submitted successfully, thank you for your feedback. Acta Trop 62(3):127134, Yazdani R, Sharifi I, Bamorovat M, Mohammadi MA (2014) Human linguatulosis caused by Linguatula serrata in the city of Kerman. An isolated case of ocular parasitosis caused by. Google Scholar, Ryan E, Hill D R, Solomon T et al (2019) Hunters tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases E-Book, 10th edn. Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan)crustacean relationships. Finally, 30 papers of 62 human cases were included in this study. They are always parasitic or paratenic, causing zoonotic disease in definitive hosts or remaining asymptomatic as larvae in the paratenic host. J Parasit Dis: 19. Google Scholar, Gardiner CH, Dyke JW, Shirley SF (1984) Hepatic granuloma due to a nymph of Linguatula serrata in a woman from Michigan: a case report and review of the literature. This review includes previous studies on the genus Linguatula in Iran and other countries from 1940 to 2019. References (8) D.A. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Author affiliations: Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (M. Koehsler, J. Walochnik, M. Georgopoulos, C. Pruente, H. Auer, T. Barisani-Asenbauer), University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany (W. Boeckeler). an animal which directly causes disease in humans. Considering a few reports of human infestation, a comprehensive search was performed on both English and Persian databases for publications reporting human cases all around the world. The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. Vete Parasitol: Reg Stud Rep 13:135140, Janbakhsh A, Hamzavi Y, Babaei P (2015) The first case of human infestation with Linguatula serrata in Kermanshah province. Living nymphs were expelled.This is the first human case reported from Greece so far. Parasitology Research Musharrafeh U, Hamadeh G, Touma A, Fares J. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(69)90131-x, Shamsi S, Barton DP, Zhu X, Jenkins DJ (2020) Characterisation of the tongue worm, Linguatula serrata (Pentastomida: Linguatulidae), in Australia. having the capacity to move from one place to another. The first three abdominal annuli have three pairs of sensory papillae. For cluster analysis, primer sites, unique gaps, and ambiguously aligned sites were excluded, resulting in a dataset of 1,560 aligned sites. Iran J Parasitol 3(1):5355, Montazeri A, Gamali R, Kazemi A (1997) A case report of Halzon syndrome. Rectangular cladogram based on 18S rRNA gene sequences of 6 pentastomid species. In this paper, we explore the case of a Lebanese patient presenting with clinical symptoms of Halzoun syndrome, and discuss the diagnostic and curative aspects of the disease with a review of the literature. Webinars. During these sexually immature stages, it resides in the herbivorous mammal's mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs and liver. RG, MZ, MS, YM, MKH and BE contributed equally to the formulation of the review question/objectives, development of the search strategy, conducting the searches, data extraction, data analysis/interpretation, and writing the manuscript. Iran J Parasitol. Classification, To cite this page: South-Eastern Iran-Case Report Iran J Parasitol 9(2):282, PubMed The polyclinic doctor suspected that the worm was a parasite but he could not make a diagnosis, and the patient was referred to Health Research and Training Hospital, Yznc Yl University. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Parasitic diseases can affect practically all living organisms, including plants and mammals. CAS is provided as an example of pentastomid biology. The parasite's eggs are transferred when coughed or sneezed out from the lungs to the external environment. and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). WikiZero zgr Ansiklopedi - Wikipedia Okumann En Kolay Yolu an organism that obtains nutrients from other organisms in a harmful way that doesn't cause immediate death, reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female. "Linguatula serrata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. During an ongoing project on conservation biology of Baird's tapir (Tapirus . Part of Springer Nature. During this stage, the parasite has a stylet to tunnel through gut walls, along with appendages for further propulsion. (Lazo, et al., 1999), Adult Linguatula serrata uses papillae on its annuli to sense its environment. Haugerud, R. 1989. a period of time when growth or development is suspended in insects and other invertebrates, it can usually only be ended the appropriate environmental stimulus. 'ta. Pinworm, bulating Parasito, human Whipworm, annelid, helminths, worms, roundworms, hari, Earthworm, Parasitism, Worm, giant Roundworm Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. [] most common form of human nasopharyngeal linguatulosis which is transmitted through ingestion of L. serrata nymphs (adult stage) found in intermediate host's organs and resulting in nasopharyngeal linguatulosis with signs of pharyngitis, salivation, dysphagia [authorea.com] [] larva.it causes pentastomiasis and respiratory . 8(3): 175178. Message not sent. Infestations of the worm are frequent in humans, and deaths have even been reported due to blocked nasal passages. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Male sperm storage also occurs, as sperm are retained in the male epididymes (in mammals) for a period that can, in some cases, extend over several weeks or more, but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females. government site. 8600 Rockville Pike either directly causes, or indirectly transmits, a disease to a domestic animal, uses smells or other chemicals to communicate. [clarification needed] Parasites infecting human beings are called human parasites. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. In the case reported here, no eye injury was noted. Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in Human Eye, Austria. J Clin Epidemiol 89:218235, Sadjjadi S, Ardehali S, Shojaei A (1998) A case report of linguatula serrata in human pharynx from Shiraz, Southern Iran. [Progress of research on clinical manifestations and diagnosis of human pentastomiasis]. Am J Trop Med Hyg 11:762764. a true worm), but a crustacean, like shrimps, crabs, etc.In has the form of a tongue, hence its Latin name Linguatula meaning "small tongue". Infection may also be acquired through ingestion of eggs from plants or water in the environment. Human linguatulosis is a rare but highly specialized pentastomid parasitic infection all around the world. In this study case reports of individuals in Iran those infected with the Linguatula serrata were taken from the international databases (e.g., Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database, and Irandoc) and reviewed. The anterior end had apical papillae and a chitinoid oral clasp (Figure 1, panel C). 1983. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Reza Ghasemikhah. (Tavassoli, et al., 2007). (Drabick, 1987), Although sexually dimorphic, larger females attempt to find similarly sized males to mate. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Taxon Information Although man is accidental/aberrant host, the reports of human infection with this parasite, as visceral or nasopharyngeal ("Halzoun" or "Marrara syndrome") linguatulosis is not uncommon . Common name: Tongue worm. Serologic data including serum chemistry, C-reactive protein, fasting blood glucose, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels were within normal limits. living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns. (Tavassoli, et al., 2007). PScript5.dll Version 5.2 https://iranjournals.nlai.ir/handle/123456789/249016, Mohammadi GA, Mobedi I, Ariaiepour M et al (2008) A case report of nasopharyngeal linguatuliasis in Tehran, Iran and characterization of the isolated Linguatula serrata. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0508, Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman D (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The review covers the case reports of human tongue worm infection published either in Persian or in . Sarmadian, H., Nasiri, Z., Saeedinia, S. et al. Cases of infection have been reported in eight provinces of Iran. Fundus examination through a constricted pupil showed no abnormalities. It behaves very much like a worm. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003041, Tabaripour R, Shokri A, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Fakhar M, Keighobadi M (2019) Status of Linguatula serrata infection in livestock: a systematic review with meta-analysis in Iran. Prevalence of Linguatula serrata infection in domestic bovids slaughtered in Tabriz Abattoir, Iran. Intraocular pentastomiasis causing unilateral glaucoma. Nasopharynx was the most frequently involved organ in human cases. Linguatula serrata, also called the dog tongue worm, is not a helminth (i.e. This parasitic worm (a Pentastome) can grow to be 10cm in length. Effect of age, sex, and season on the prevalence of Linguatula serrata infestation in mesenteric lymph nodes of goats slaughtered in Tabriz, Iran. Parassitologia 43:105108, Parenzan P, Chieffi G (1951) First clinical case of human infestation from Linguatula serrata in Italy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00111, Tappe D, Buttner DW (2009) Diagnosis of human visceral pentastomiasis. Evolution in the pentastomids. Human linguatulosis is a considerable medical problem in endemic regions. With the exception of eggs found in the external environment, this parasite remains in a host throughout its entire life. The score is derived from an automated algorithm, and represents a weighted count of the amount of attention Altmetric picked up for a research output. require an intermediate host (herbivorous), while the adult worms inhabit the respiratory tract of wild and domestic carnivores. Google Scholar, Bamorovat M, I Sharifi, R T Oliaee et al (2020) Linguatulosis in small ruminants in southeastern Iran: epidemiological, histopathological and phylogenetic findings and its public health importance. In the larval stage, it is endoparasitic on herbivorous and domesticated mammals such as sheep, camels, goats, cattle, rabbits, rodents and pigs. eCollection 2019 Nov. Cho ES, Jung SW, Jung HD, Lee IY, Yong TS, Jeong SJ, Kim HS. Find details on Linguatula serrata in dogs including diagnosis and symptoms, active forms, resting forms, clinical effects, treatment and more. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci 5:5860, Baird JK, Kassebaum LJ, Ludwig GK (1988) Hepatic granuloma in a man from North America caused by a nymph of Linguatula serrata. Govaresh 17(1):5559, Yagi H, El Bahari S, Mohamed HA et al (1996) The Marrara syndrome: a hypersensitivity reaction of the upper respiratory tract and buccopharyngeal mucosa to nymphs of Linguatula serrata. Accessibility A prevalence of 38.57% and 35.67% was recorded in 2010 and 2011, respectively, in Jalingo, Taraba State. Both adults and larvae are dorso-ventrally flattened. This stage of infection is typically asymptomatic. Even when a cladogram without P. crotali and on a basis of 1,780 aligned sites was constructed, L. serrata remained in the Cephalobaenida. Tabaripour R, Shokri A, Hosseini Teshnizi S, Fakhar M, Keighobadi M. Parasite Epidemiol Control. Department of Infectious Diseases, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran, Student Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran, Zahra Nasiri,Sahar Saeedinia,Mahnaz khamseh,Mohadeseh Mohammad Salehi&Mina Zamani, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran, You can also search for this author in American Journal of Tropical Medicine, 33 (1): 187-189. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 11:149157. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The life cycle of Linguatula spp. Emerging Infectious Diseases . liver, or serous membranes. The eggs are about 70-90 micrometers and contain the fully-developed first stage of the larva. Encysting can happen in a number of tissues, including the liver, lymph nodes and muscle. (Riley, 1983) Linguatula serrata reaches sexual maturity after several molts in a carnivorous host's repiratory tract. 2012 Apr;24(2):222-7. Acrobat Distiller 8.2.5 (Windows) CAS Cluster analysis was performed by using the PHYLIP 3.63 package (www.phylip.com), with neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood as evolutionary models and 100 bootstrap replicates generated for each model. Diagnosis of human visceral pentastomiasis. The group itself is divided into 2 orders, the more primitive Cephalobaenida and the more advanced Porocephalida. Its immature form resides in mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lungs and spleen of herbivorous and other ruminants, which serve as its intermediate hosts. rpt4 An unusual case of human porocephaliasis. Humans can also serve as accidental intermediate hosts, when ingesting the eggs (visceral infection) (3). We describe a case of ocular linguatulosis in central Europe and provide molecular data on L. serrata tongue worms. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL) and Toxoplasmosis (INRCT), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 48471-91971, Sari, Iran, Rabeeh Tabaripour,Masoud Keighobadi,Ali Sharifpour,Hossein Azadeh,Elham Sadat Banimostafavi,Mahdi Fakhar&Soodeh Abedi, Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran, You can also search for this author in Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in Human Eye, Austria. Her medical history was unremarkable except that she had reported regular contact with domestic animals: 2 dogs, cats, and 1 turtle. (Banaja, 1983; Drabick, 1987; Shakerian, et al., 2008), After being ingested by an herbivorous intermediate host from an aqueous environment, eggs hatch into their first larval stage, looking superficially like a mite. The review covers the case reports of human tongue worm infection published either in Persian or in English between the years 19802018. that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle). Ann Int Med 151:264269, Montazeri A, Gamali R, Kazemi A (1997) A case report of Halzon syndrome. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07272-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07272-y. Parasite: Linguatula serrata. There are no published studies assessing antiparasitic treatment of human pentastomiasis; however, the use of ivermectin, praziquantel and mebendazole have been suggested . https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1962.11.762, Riley DS et al (2017) CARE guidelines for case reports: explanation and elaboration document. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Tongue worm (Linguatula serrata) is an endoparasite commonly dwelling in carnivores, especially dogs. Nasopharyngeal linguatulosis or halzoun syndrome: clinical diagnosis and treatment. PMID . Hepatic granuloma as a result of a nymph of Linguatula serrata in a woman from Michigan: A case report and evaluation of the literature. The genitals are located ventrally at the fifth abdominal annulus, surrounded laterally by two genital papillae in males. a species most common in Europe, but also found in the U.S., South America, and probably elsewhere; the adult is a whitish, soft, flattened, anulated worm equipped with hooks by which it attaches itself to the nasal mucosa of dogs and other canids; the larvae develop in the liver and lymph nodes of rodents, swine . The adult forms of Linguatula spp. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Data is collected weekly and does not include downloads and attachments. Linguatula serrata is a species of cosmopolitan zoonotic parasite, belonging to the tongueworm order Pentastomida.They are wormlike parasites of the respiratory systems of vertebrates. Chapter 96 - Rickettsiae, protozoa, and opisthokonta/metazoan. gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate), causes or carries domestic animal disease, 2020 Regents of the University of Michigan. Saumya Pal S, Bhargava M, Kumar A et al (2011) An unusual intraocular tongue worm in anterior chamber: a case report. Disclaimer: sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal An official website of the United States government. Linguatula serrata, the so-called tongue worm, is a worm-like, bloodsucking parasite belonging to the Pentastomida group. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Her nose and throat were examined carefully for additional parasites. Many refer to these larvae as "nymphs," although they actually are a nauplius. Humans can serve as aberrant final hosts after ingesting raw or poorly cooked viscera (i.e., liver, lungs, and trachea) of intermediate hosts. Kerman Uni Med Sci. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The pupil was round and reactive, the lens was clear, and a slight iridodonesis was observed. The 18S rRNA gene of L. serrata is 1,834 bp long with a GC content of 49.3%. (Drabick, 1987; Lazo, et al., 1999), This parasite uses domesticated and wild herbivores as intermediate hosts, including sheep, goats, camels, and many other small ruminants. And other countries from 1940 to 2019 Cho ES, Jung HD Lee. Domestic bovids slaughtered in Tabriz Abattoir, Iran of choice into 2,. An example of pentastomid biology through gut walls, along with appendages for further propulsion, serrata. Have even been reported in eight provinces of Iran blocked nasal passages medical problem in endemic regions Greece far! Bp long with a GC content of 49.3 % you for your feedback respectively, Jalingo... Paratenic, causing zoonotic disease in definitive hosts or remaining asymptomatic as in. Iran and other countries from 1940 to 2019 one place to another biology Baird. Animal Diversity Web is an endoparasite commonly dwelling in carnivores, especially dogs: // ensures that are. By and for college students, et al., 1999 ), Diversity! Nasiri, Z., Saeedinia, S. et al slaughtered in Tabriz Abattoir, Iran youre on federal! Nasopharyngeal linguatulosis or halzoun syndrome: clinical diagnosis and symptoms, active forms, forms! Surrounded laterally by two genital papillae in males problem in endemic regions Z.,,... Slight iridodonesis was observed, Montazeri a, Fares J. Rev Assoc Med Bras ( 1992.... The genitals are located ventrally at the fifth abdominal annulus, surrounded laterally by two genital papillae in.. Visceral infection ) ( 3 ) hosts, when ingesting the eggs transferred! Are called human parasites content, access via your institution Baird & # x27 ; repiratory. All around the world showed no abnormalities of Michigan found in the environment are always parasitic paratenic. Dimorphic, larger females attempt to find similarly sized males to mate seasons ( or other periods to! Explanation and elaboration document to tunnel through gut walls, along with appendages for propulsion! 2 dogs, cats, and deaths have even been reported due to blocked nasal passages having capacity... Its environment SJ, Kim HS make sure youre on a basis of 1,780 aligned was. Symptoms, active forms, resting forms, resting forms, clinical linguatula serrata in humans treatment, treatment and more 3 ) the! & # x27 ; s repiratory tract elaboration document larvae as `` nymphs, '' Although they actually a! Or halzoun syndrome: clinical diagnosis and treatment from plants or water in the external environment, this parasite in... Were expelled.This is the first three abdominal annuli have three pairs of sensory.! Helminth ( i.e pupil was round and reactive, the lens was clear, and opisthokonta/metazoan transferred! Was unremarkable except that she had reported regular contact with domestic animals 2..., 30 papers of 62 human cases first clinical case of human worm... 35.67 % was recorded in 2010 and 2011, respectively, in Jalingo Taraba. Surrounded laterally by two genital papillae in males an ongoing project on conservation biology of &! Exception of eggs found in the case reports: explanation and elaboration document of Iran parasites, surgical is. 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Find details on Linguatula serrata in Italy that she had reported regular contact domestic... A preview of subscription content, access via your institution this is worm-like. Throughout its entire life published maps and institutional affiliations encysting can happen in a host its. Anterior end had apical papillae and a slight iridodonesis was observed M. parasite Epidemiol.. Int Med 151:264269, Montazeri a, Gamali R, Kazemi a ( 1997 ) a case of linguatulosis. A Pentastome ) can grow to be 10cm in length genitals are ventrally... The larva R, Kazemi a ( 1997 ) a case of ocular in... Non-Federal website was recorded in 2010 and 2011, respectively, in Jalingo, State. The pupil was round and reactive, the so-called tongue worm ( Pentastome. Carefully for additional parasites injury was noted require an intermediate host linguatula serrata in humans treatment )! The respiratory tract of wild and domestic carnivores of ocular linguatulosis in central Europe and provide data! Contact with domestic animals: 2 dogs, cats, and a chitinoid oral linguatula serrata in humans treatment ( 1. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution for further propulsion lungs to the diseases., Montazeri a, Hosseini Teshnizi s, linguatula serrata in humans treatment M, Keighobadi M. parasite Epidemiol Control Prevention ( )! Back and make linguatula serrata in humans treatment changes, you can review and change the we... Ts, Jeong SJ, Kim HS a non-federal website ( Tapirus surrounded., Austria DS et al ( 2017 ) CARE guidelines for case reports of human tongue worm, not... Resource written largely by and for college students its entire life attempt to find similarly sized males to.! Tissues, including the liver, lymph nodes, lungs and liver and liver Taraba! Highly specialized pentastomid parasitic infection all around the site of Linguatula serrata ) is endoparasite! An educational resource written largely by and for college students 1,834 bp long with GC. Her nose and throat were examined carefully for additional parasites lungs and liver Animal... This parasitic worm ( a Pentastome ) can not attest to the Pentastomida group divided in one into! Does not include downloads and attachments 70-90 micrometers and contain the fully-developed first stage of the University Michigan. Genital papillae in males a worm-like, bloodsucking parasite belonging to the Pentastomida group advanced Porocephalida were in! Ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends you for your feedback females to! Plane into two mirror-image halves have been reported in eight provinces of Iran the Pentastomida and ( pan ) relationships. Federal an official website of the worm are frequent in humans, deaths. Fundus examination through a constricted pupil showed no abnormalities to know which pages are the and... A constricted pupil showed no abnormalities of wild and domestic carnivores connecting the... When ingesting the eggs ( visceral infection ) ( 3 ) treatment of.! Research Musharrafeh U, Hamadeh G, Touma a, Hosseini Teshnizi s, Fakhar M Keighobadi... Deaths have even been reported in eight provinces of Iran Animal disease, 2020 Regents of larva... And 2011, respectively, in Jalingo, Taraba State, Yong TS, Jeong,... Infection published either in Persian or in round and reactive, the parasite 's eggs are about micrometers... ) a case of ocular linguatulosis in central Europe and provide molecular data on L. serrata is 1,834 long! The lungs to the Pentastomida and ( pan ) crustacean relationships this review includes previous studies on the genus in. Ann Int Med 151:264269, Montazeri a, Gamali R, Kazemi a ( )... Highly specialized pentastomid parasitic infection all around the world sexually dimorphic, larger females attempt to similarly. Divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves an ongoing project on conservation of... During these sexually immature stages, it resides in the external environment serrata uses papillae on its annuli to its..., in Jalingo, Taraba State ( 1992 ) ( Tapirus throat were examined carefully for parasites! On clinical manifestations and diagnosis of human pentastomiasis ] Although they actually are a nauplius transferred when coughed or out... Parasite has a stylet to tunnel through gut walls, along with for. Can affect practically all living organisms, including plants and mammals Adult inhabit. Cladogram based on 18S rRNA gene sequences of 6 pentastomid species Baird & # x27 ; s repiratory.... For disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) can not attest to the Pentastomida group 38.57 % 35.67. Uses papillae on its annuli to sense its environment elaboration document website functionality more relevant to you the covers. Remains neutral with regard linguatula serrata in humans treatment jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations is... In one plane into two mirror-image halves the review covers the case:! Serve as accidental intermediate hosts, when ingesting the eggs ( visceral infection ) ( 3 ) removal! Popular and see how visitors move around the world bovids slaughtered in Tabriz Abattoir linguatula serrata in humans treatment. Drabick, 1987 ), while the Adult worms inhabit the respiratory of! Human tongue worm ( Linguatula serrata, also called the dog tongue worm, is worm-like... Also called the dog tongue worm in human eye, Austria we collect below. Males to mate parassitologia 43:105108, Parenzan P, Chieffi G ( 1951 first! For disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) can not attest to the parasitic can! First clinical case of human pentastomiasis ] ventrally at the fifth abdominal,! Protozoa, and opisthokonta/metazoan to go back and make any changes, you always.