Tony Muhammad. [257][258][259][260][261] In a 1993 speech Farrakhan seemed to acknowledge the possibility that the Nation of Islam was responsible:[262][263]. May Allah be pleased with our dear sister Dr. Minister Ava Muhammad. When MalcolmX left the Nation of Islam, he tried to convince Ali (who had just been renamed by Elijah Muhammad) to join him in converting to Sunni Islam, but Ali instead broke ties with him, later describing the break as one of his greatest regrets. [272], Except for his autobiography, MalcolmX left no published writings. Initially, Spike Lee requested $33 million for this film, a reasonable sum considering its size and scope, but much more than his previous budgets. King expressed mixed feelings toward Malcolm, "Estimates of the Black Muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand. [217] Phone: 212-932-7400, Nation of Islam mourns the loss of Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad. [327] The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The stand-ins who played the Kennedys and the Connallys in JFK (1991) were also credited in this film. "[241], The New York Post wrote that "even his sharpest critics recognized his brillianceoften wild, unpredictable and eccentric, but nevertheless possessing promise that must now remain unrealized. [118] Malcolm X believed that the fabricated antisemitic text "Protocols of the Elders of Zion", was authentic and introduced it to NOI members, while blaming Jewish people for "perfecting the modern evil" of neo-colonialism. LouisX saw this as an important turning point in the deteriorating relationship between MalcolmX and Muhammad. [93], By the late 1950s, MalcolmX was using a new name, Malcolm Shabazz or Malik el-Shabazz, although he was still widely referred to as MalcolmX. and G.C.C. [322][323][324] Malcolm X also inspired the character Erik Killmonger in the film Black Panther. [92] A grand jury declined to indict the officers who beat Johnson. Azzam's son arranged for his release and lent him his personal hotel suite. Many will say turn awayaway from this man, for he is not a man but a demon, a monster, a subverter and an enemy of the Black manand we will smile. New York, NY 10027 Noted "Squad" Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-MI) penned an Op-Ed for the Nation of. 25 as participants in the murder or its planning. [233] Friends took up the gravediggers' shovels to complete the burial themselves. [87] When they attempted to intervene, shouting, "You're not in Alabama this is New York! "[249] In Cuba, El Mundo described the assassination as "another racist crime to eradicate by violence the struggle against discrimination. [186] One of his top aides later wrote that he "welcomed every opportunity to speak to college students. [336][337] Brooklyn also has El Shabazz Playground that was named after him. Did you ever really listen to him? While it was common practice for celebrities to pick interviewers who were known to be sympathetic to them, it was the first time in many years in which race had been used as a qualification. Shabazz said: "I think the things that I take issue with are the fact that he said my father engaged in a bisexual relationship, a homoyou know, he had a gay lover who was an elder White businessman, I think, in his late 50s when my father was in his teens. These are black folks with some money, who came to the rescue of the movie. Thank You Ava Muhammad for sharing your knowledge, all praises to the Most High!!!!! Malcolm spent his adolescence living in a series of foster homes or with relatives after his father's death and his mother's hospitalization. Hundreds of African Americans were joining the Nation of Islam every month. A follower of black . Released in 1987, he maintained his innocence until his death in August 2009. [33], Summoned by the local draft board for military service in World WarII, he feigned mental disturbance by rambling and declaring: "I want to be sent down South. Rumors that White racists were responsible for his father's death were widely circulated and were very disturbing to Malcolm X as a child. [135][136], A number of Muslims were indicted after the event, but no charges were laid against the police. Analysis. On February23, James Farmer, leader of the Congress of Racial Equality, announced at a news conference that local drug dealers, and not the Nation of Islam, were to blame. American Black rights activist (19251965), This article is about the person. Honoring Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad on August 28th during Sunday service at Mosque Maryam, Student Minister Ishmael Muhammad, national assistant minister to the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan, referred to Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad as a beautiful, beautiful, beautiful woman in Islam. The song that they are dancing to is "Shotgun" by Junior Walker and the All-Stars. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. I am watching Divinity of the female Special tribute to student Minister Ava Muhammad. He refused. Spike Lee encountered difficulty in securing a sufficient budget. "[195] Four days later, an FBI informant received a tip that "MalcolmX is going to be bumped off. He was delayed in Jeddah when his U.S. citizenship and inability to speak Arabic caused his status as a Muslim to be questioned. The film features three generations of Washingtons: Denzel Washington, his son John David Washington and his mother Lennis Washington. [276][O], MalcolmX taught that Black people were the original people of the world,[99] and that Whites were a race of devils who were created by an evil scientist named Yakub. The film was saved by the financial intervention of prominent black Americans, some of whom appear in the film: Bill Cosby, Oprah Winfrey, Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Janet Jackson, Prince, and Peggy Cooper Cafritz, founder of the Duke Ellington School of the Arts. [174] MalcolmX argued for the affirmative, and interest in the debate was so high that it was televised nationally by the BBC. In the 1970s, the public learned about COINTELPRO and other secret FBI programs established to infiltrate and disrupt civil rights organizations during the 1950s and 1960s. [P], While the civil rights movement fought against racial segregation, MalcolmX advocated the complete separation of Blacks from Whites. The Honourable Elijah Muhammad led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. Within days, the question of who bore responsibility for the assassination was being publicly debated. Johnson was not bailed, and police said he could not go back to the hospital until his arraignment the following day. He ultimately declared Mohammad as a new savior sent from. I look for it everyday! While we did not always see eye to eye on methods to solve the race problem, I always had a deep affection for Malcolm and felt that he had a great ability to put his finger on the existence and root of the problem. Soon the police department assigned undercover officers to infiltrate the Nation of Islam. [177] Malcolm only mentioned his religion twice during his Oxford speech, which was part of his effort to defuse his image as an "angry Black Muslim extremist", which he had long hated. Many of themtired of being told to wait for freedom, justice, equality and respect[112]felt that he articulated their complaints better than did the civil rights movement. 2340 Frederick Douglass Blvd. He was videotaped by a bystander, George Holliday. In the meantime, Worth produced his own Oscar-nominated documentary on the subject, and commissioned numerous screenplays, including one by David Mamet. According to Spike Lee, Warner Bros. wanted him to shoot the Egypt scenes on the Jersey shoreline. "[280] "Anybody who rapes, and plunders, and enslaves, and steals, and drops hell bombs on people anybody who does these things is nothing but a devil. The coroner ruled that Stokes's killing was justified. The Khutba or sermon delivered by the Nation of Islam's Student National Imam Sultan Muhammad linked Islam's rich past with its North American-based present. [188] After one such speech, when he was asked what political and economic system he wanted, he said he did not know, but that it was no coincidence the newly independent countries in the Third World were turning toward socialism. To prepare for his role, Denzel Washington avoided eating pork, attended Fruit of Islam classes and learned to Lindy Hop. Something like this kills a lot of argument. [87][88] On April26, Johnson and two other passersbyalso Nation of Islam memberssaw the officers beating an African-American man with nightsticks. When the reporter told him it seemed to be, MalcolmX told him: "Then I'm for it. maintaining a regular correspondence with Muhammad. In 1963, Malcolm X began a collaboration with Alex Haley on his life story, The Autobiography of MalcolmX. 1995-present. [266] In August 2014, an online petition was started using the White House online petition mechanism to call on the government to release, without alteration, any files they still held relating to the murder of MalcolmX. moor National Islam , Asalam Aliekum, Hotep. The real-life Shabazz said the scene was inaccurate, as she and Malcolm never argued nor raised their voices at one another and she supported her husband at every turn. Noble Ausar Wanepher El, The scene where Betty Shabazz argues with Malcolm about his misplaced loyalties to Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam were contrived mostly to add dramatic effect to the film. He also reproduced five of his speeches, but featured only one of Muhammad'sall of which greatly upset Muhammad and made him envious. [169], On November23, 1964, on his way home from Africa, MalcolmX stopped in Paris, where he spoke in the Salle de la Mutualit. CHICAGOMinister Dr. Ava Muhammad, the official national spokesperson for the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam as well as a member of the Nation of Islam's. In his autobiography, Malcolm X says he was led to the Nation of Islam through letters from his brother and sister. In fact, up to then, I had never been so truly free in my life. Walcott, as he was then known, was raised in Boston by his mother, Sarah Mae Manning, an immigrant from St. Kitts and Nevis. Throughout his life, beginning in the 1950s, Malcolm X was subjected to surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). James Baldwin's screenplay was written and completed in over two years after co-writer Arnold Perl's death in 1971. [198], On July9, Muhammad aide John Ali (suspected of being an undercover FBI agent)[199] referred to MalcolmX by saying, "Anyone who opposes the Honorable Elijah Muhammad puts their life in jeopardy. [55] That year, he also began signing his name "MalcolmX. "[196] That same month, the Nation sued to reclaim MalcolmX's residence in East Elmhurst, Queens, New York. 2023 The oldest Black newspaper in the country that offers the "New Black View" within local, national and international news for the Black community.. Min. In reality, Malcom's mother wasn't even born in the American south; rather was from the French Colony of Grenada in the Caribbean, after being emancipated by the British Royal Navy. "[248] The Guangming Daily, also published in Beijing, stated that "Malcolm was murdered because he fought for freedom and equal rights. [54], In 1950, the FBI opened a file on Malcolm after he wrote a letter from prison to President Truman expressing opposition to the Korean War and declaring himself a communist. After Malcolm X joined the NOI, he quickly rose to become its national spokesman as membership ballooned through the 1950s and early 1960s. Muhammad advised him to renounce his past, humbly bow in prayer to God, and promise never to engage in destructive behavior again. SIGNUP FOR OUR FREE WEEKDAY EMAIL NEWSLETTER, "I love receiving EDITORIALLY BLACK first thing in the morning! I wish I'd been able to tell Malcolm that I was sorry, that he was right about so many things. [51], In late 1948, Malcolm wrote to Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam. The Fruit of Islam, the defense arm of the Nation of Islam, provided security for this movie. And what he did talk about was someone else's encounter. The incident raised a public outcry among people who believed it was racially motivated. When Malcolm X first preaches on the streets of Harlem, the other preachers on step ladders are Bobby Seale, founder of the Black Panthers, and Al Sharpton. Members of the M.G.T. Therefore, Spike Lee shares on-screen credit with the late Perl. [352] Collections of MalcolmX's papers are held by the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture and the Robert W. Woodruff Library. It cost me 12 years. [113][114] One biographer says that by giving expression to their frustration, MalcolmX "made clear the price that White America would have to pay if it did not accede to Black America's legitimate demands. From his adoption of the Nation of Islam in 1952 until he broke with it in 1964, MalcolmX promoted the Nation's teachings. [230] [169], X expressed much anger about Operation Dragon Rouge, where the United States Air Force dropped in Belgian paratroopers into the city of Stanleyville, modern Kisangani, to rescue the White Belgian hostages from the Simbas. "[90][91] Within a month the New York City Police Department arranged to keep MalcolmX under surveillance; it also made inquiries with authorities in other cities in which he had lived, and prisons in which he had served time. The next morning MalcolmX learned that Prince Faisal had designated him as a state guest. Farrakhan's inability to grow the Nation's ranks indicates that sympathy with his critiques of . Re-named Elijah Muhammad and referred to him as God's Messenger, Poole established a new temple in Chicago, the city that would become the Nation of Islam's headquarters. [A]bout five minutes later, a most incredible scene took place. The scenes of a young Malcolm snorting cocaine almost got this film an R rating. [199] MalcolmX had confided to a reporter that Ali exacerbated tensions between him and Elijah Muhammad and that he considered Ali his "archenemy" within the Nation of Islam leadership. [180] In response, Malcolm X answered "It is an act of war. The actual possession of the land came hundreds of years later when Joshua led Israel into Canaan. William Kunstler: The racist judge who sentences Malcolm and Shorty to prison. In a telegram to Betty Shabazz, Martin Luther King Jr. expressed his sadness at "the shocking and tragic assassination of your husband. After hearing him she accepted Islam as her faith and joined the Nation of Islam. Another complaint was Washington's height of only 6' 1" as compared to that of Malcolm X, which was 6' 4". Just after midnight on April27, 1962, two LAPD officers, unprovoked, shoved and beat several Muslims outside Temple Number 27. Regina King auditioned unsuccessfully for a role in this film. I did many things as a (Black) Muslim that I'm sorry for now. We can never get civil rights in America until our human rights are first restored. At certain schools, this film is used to portray Malcolm X's life, and how his protests compared to Martin Luther King Jr.'s protests. If you love Min. At one point, Oliver Stone expressed interest in directing this project as a follow-up to JFK (1991), and his first choice to play Malcolm X was Denzel Washington. The credits run 9 minutes and list 200+ people thanking them for their help and thanking Spike's wealthy friends such as Bill Cosby, Oprah Winfrey and Prince who helped finish the film when money ran out. [223][224] Hayer, who also rejected the Nation's teachings while in prison and converted to Sunni Islam,[225] is known today as Mujahid Halim. Elijah Muhammad told the annual Savior's Day convention on February26 that "MalcolmX got just what he preached," but denied any involvement with the murder. The Nation of Islam was founded in 1930 as a black nationalist offshoot of Islam. Farrakhan restructured the Nation of Islam in the 1970s following its longtime leader and his mentor Elijah Mohammad, who died in 1975. [211], One gunman, Nation of Islam member Talmadge Hayer (also known as Thomas Hagan), was beaten by the crowd before police arrived. [97] Castro was sufficiently impressed with MalcolmX to suggest a private meeting, and after two hours of talking, Castro invited MalcolmX to visit Cuba.[98]. Hip-hop groups such as Public Enemy adopted MalcolmX as an icon,[316] and his image was displayed in hundreds of thousands of homes, offices, and schools,[317] as well as on T-shirts and jackets. Baldwin's family asked that his name be removed. Many will ask what Harlem finds to honor in this stormy, controversial and bold young captainand we will smile. [340] Main Street in Lansing, Michigan, was renamed MalcolmX Street in 2010. The remarks prompted widespread public outcry. This was the first non-documentary film that was given permission to film in Mecca. [321], Malcolm X was an inspiration for several fictional characters. It's brought bloodbaths to about every nation on earth at one time or another. This is the first non-documentary, and the first American film, to be given permission to film in Mecca (or within the Haram Sharif). It was an experience she told the Hollywood Reporter was the worst audition of her career. However, the experience was positive enough to prompt her to change her major to Theater at Brown University. [155][156], He had received Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam's book The Eternal Message of Muhammad with his visa approval, and he contacted the author. [15] In late 1938, she had a nervous breakdown and was committed to Kalamazoo State Hospital. In Smethwick, MalcolmX compared the treatment of ethnic minority residents with the treatment of Jews under Hitler, saying: "I would not wait for the fascist element in Smethwick to erect gas ovens. [19], From age 14 to 21, Malcolm held a variety of jobs while living with his half-sister Ella Little-Collins in Roxbury, a largely African-American neighborhood of Boston. [229], The public viewing, February2326 at Unity Funeral Home in Harlem, was attended by some 14,000 to 30,000 mourners. The town had become a byword for racial division after the successful candidate, Peter Griffiths, was accused of using the slogan, "If you want a nigger for a neighbour, vote Liberal or Labour." He responded with indignation towards the reporters interviewing him, shouting, "You did it! For if you did you would know him. Critic Roger Ebert and film director Martin Scorsese included the film among their lists as one of the ten best films of the 1990s. The speech that plays over the documentary footage of Malcolm X's life near the end is read by Ossie Davis, who wrote and delivered the eulogy at Malcolm's funeral service in 1965. The Nation of Islam (NOI) held its annual Saviours' Day conference in Chicago the weekend of February 24-26, serving once again as a platform for vitriolic antisemitism and anti-LGBTQ+ bigotry.. Saviours' Day 2023 marked the annual event's return to a large-scale arena setting for the first time in three years; the NOI held smaller, semi-virtual conferences during the intervening . On February21, 1965, he was assassinated in New York City. The motion was taken from a statement made earlier that year by U.S. presidential candidate Barry Goldwater: "Extremism in the Defense of Liberty is No Vice; Moderation in the Pursuit of Justice is No Virtue". Years active. Throughout 1964, his conflict with the Nation of Islam intensified, and he was repeatedly sent death threats. CHICAGOMinister Dr. Ava Muhammad, the official national spokesperson for the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam as well as a member of the Nation of Islams Executive Council, departed this life on Thursday, Aug. 25, 2022. [210], Les Payne and Tamara Payne, in their Pulitzer Prize winning biography The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X, claim that the assassins were members of the Nation of Islam's Newark, New Jersey, mosque: William 25X (also known as William Bradley), who fired the shotgun; Leon Davis; and Thomas Hayer. [318] In 1986 Ella Little-Collins merged the Organization of Afro-American Unity with the African American Defense League. [21][22], After a short time in Flint, Michigan, he moved to New York City's Harlem neighborhood in 1943, where he found employment on the New Haven Railroad and engaged in drug dealing, gambling, racketeering, robbery, and pimping. graduates participated in the first in-person graduation since 2020 at the annual Saviours' Day convention. Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad was a sought-out national speaker, particularly at Black universities and colleges, and was a frequent presenter at the popular Essence Music Festival and other large Black gatherings. [298] In a conversation with Gordon Parks, two days before his assassination, Malcolm said: [L]istening to leaders like Nasser, Ben Bella, and Nkrumah awakened me to the dangers of racism. Roger Guenveur Smith, who had a small role in this film as an accomplice of Malcolm during his criminal days, played "Smiley", a man selling photographs of Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., in Do the Right Thing (1989), also directed by Spike Lee. They would also later appear in Bad Boys (1995) and previously were in Goodfellas (1990). Your email address will not be published. They will say that he is of hatea fanatic, a racistwho can only bring evil to the cause for which you struggle! AMEEN ASA. Details about Minister Dr. Ava Muhammads janazah (funeral) service will be forthcoming. He was born Louis Eugene Walcott, but would later adopt the surname of Farrakhan after his conversion to Islam. Born Ava Atkinson to William and Gladys Atkinson, both educators in Columbus, Ohio, Minister Dr. Ava Muhammad attended Columbus East High School and graduated with honors early from Central State University with a degree in history. He was the public face of the organization for 12 years, advocating Black empowerment and separation of Black and White Americans, and criticizing Martin Luther King Jr. and the mainstream civil rights movement for its emphasis on nonviolence and racial integration. [137], Over a series of national TV interviews between 1964 and 1965, MalcolmX provided testimony of his investigation, corroboration, and confirmation by Elijah Muhammed himself of multiple counts of child rape. He subsequently embraced Sunni Islam and the civil rights movement after completing the Hajj to Mecca, and became known as "el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz". I could not agree with either of these men, but I could see in them a capacity for leadership which I could respect, and which was just beginning to mature in judgment and statesmanship. [143], After leaving the Nation of Islam, MalcolmX founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI), a religious organization,[145][146] and the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), a secular group that advocated Pan-Africanism. Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam remembers Min. During a 1984 interview broadcast on a Chicago radio station, Farrakhan reacted to Nathan . He said, "Brother, remember the time that white college girl came into the restaurant, the one who wanted to help the (Black) Muslims and the whites get together, and I told her there wasn't a ghost of a chance, and she went away crying? Spike Lee urged kids to cut school to see his movie, believing that "X" provides just as much (or more) education. my she rest well at peace! [45], At this time, several of his siblings wrote to him about the Nation of Islam, a relatively new religious movement preaching Black self-reliance and, ultimately, the return of the African diaspora to Africa, where they would be free from White American and European domination. In 1987, New York mayor Ed Koch proclaimed Lenox Avenue in Harlem to be MalcolmX Boulevard. [296] In the last months of his life, however, MalcolmX began to reconsider his support for Black nationalism after meeting northern African revolutionaries who, to all appearances, were White.[297]. [61][C] Later that year he established Boston's Temple Number11;[63] in March 1954, he expanded Temple Number12 in Philadelphia;[64] and two months later he was selected to lead Temple Number7 in Harlem,[65] where he rapidly expanded its membership. The memorial is located in the Audubon Ballroom, where MalcolmX was assassinated. Abdul Malik Sayyid Muhammad. [52] Though he later recalled the inner struggle he had before bending his knees to pray,[53] Malcolm soon became a member of the Nation of Islam,[52] As an adult, he expressed conflicting beliefs on the question. After his Hajj, MalcolmX articulated a view of White people and racism that represented a deep change from the philosophy he had supported as a minister of the Nation of Islam. ", "Turning my back on Malcolm was one of the mistakes that I regret most in my life. [271], On February 22, 2023, it was announced that the daughters of Malcolm X will file a $100 million wrongful death lawsuit against the CIA, the FBI, the NYPD and others for allegedly concealing evidence related to the assassination and for alleged involvement to it. The NOI is an Islamic religious organisation founded in Detroit, Michigan, in 1930. I was a zombie then, like all (Black) Muslims. I'll show you how to get out of prison",[47] he quit smoking and began to refuse pork. They had previously done the same in the Bed-Stuy neighborhood where Lee shot Do the Right Thing (1989). Butler, today known as Muhammad Abdul Aziz, was paroled in 1985 and became the head of the Nation's Harlem mosque in 1998; he maintains his innocence. It is because of youthe men that created this White supremacythat this man is dead. After the assassination, all footage of Malcolm X is of the real man, mostly in black and white. "[247][248], In China, the People's Daily described MalcolmX as a martyr killed by "ruling circles and racists" in the United States; his assassination, the paper wrote, demonstrated that "in dealing with imperialist oppressors, violence must be met with violence. [66], In 1953, the FBI began surveillance of him, turning its attention from MalcolmX's possible communist associations to his rapid ascent in the Nation of Islam. They were acquitted, but tensions had been raised. When Denzel Washington took the role of Malcolm X in the play "When the Chickens Come Home to Roost", which dealt with the relationship between Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad, he admitted he knew little about Malcolm X and had not yet read "The Autobiography of Malcolm X". In the 1930s, Muhammad formally established the Nation of Islam, a religious movement that originated under the leadership and teachings of Wallace Fard Muhammad and that promoted black supremacy, pride, economic empowerment, and racial segregation. Following advice from fellow director Francis Ford Coppola, Lee "got the movie company pregnant," taking it far enough along into actual production to attempt to force the studio to increase the budget. [299], In recent years, some researchers have alleged that MalcolmX was bisexual. HISTORY . [172], Malcolm X charged that the Cuban migr pilots hired by the CIA to serve as Tshombe's air force indiscriminately bombed Congolese villages and towns, killing women and children, but this was almost never mentioned in the media while the newspapers featured long accounts of the Simbas "raping White women, molesting nuns". Terence Blanchard: The trumpeter in the "Billie Holiday Quintet". [180], On February5, 1965, MalcolmX flew to Britain again,[181] and on February8 he addressed the first meeting of the Council of African Organizations in London. He is considered an ambassador of the Lindy-hop, also called the "Jitterbug". "[19] Later, MalcolmX recalled feeling that the White world offered no place for a career-oriented Black man, regardless of talent. He also revealed an assassination attempt made on his life, through a discovered explosive device in his car, as well as the death threats he was receiving, in response to his exposure of Elijah Muhammad. Her work on behalf of Minister Farrakhan in raising and uplifting the consciousness of Black and oppressed peoples is her legacy that will live on in our memory, and in the history of the Nation of Islam. Learn More{{/message}}, Amsterdam News [12] After a dispute with creditors, Louise received a life insurance benefit (nominally $1,000 about $18,000 in 2022)[A] in payments of $18 per month;[13] the issuer of another, larger policy refused to pay, claiming her husband Earl had committed suicide. Ballroom, where MalcolmX was bisexual he maintained his innocence until his death 1975. `` minister baines nation of islam love receiving EDITORIALLY Black first thing in the murder or its planning documentary the... ] [ 324 ] Malcolm X was subjected to surveillance by the Federal Bureau of (! In 1986 Ella Little-Collins merged the Organization of Afro-American Unity with the Nation Islam. Days later, a racistwho can only bring evil to the cause which... [ P ], While the civil rights movement fought against racial segregation, MalcolmX advocated the complete of. After co-writer Arnold Perl 's death in 1975 shares on-screen credit with the late.! 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